Begomoviruses of solanaceous crops: Additions to the EPPO Alert List
The overall importance of diseases caused by geminiviridae transmitted by Bemisia tabaci to solanaceous crops is obvious as severe crop losses are reported from many parts of the world, but it is still very difficult to assess the relative importance of the various pathogens involved. In many instances, the emergence of these diseases is associated with the evolution of B. tabaci populations, and in particular with the spread of the B biotype (also referred to as B. argentifolii). Although the significance of some begomoviruses is clearly visible, e.g. tomato mottle (EPPO A1 quarantine pest) and tomato yellow leaf curl (EPPO A2 quarantine pest), for the majority of other begomovirus species the situation remains extremely complex. Various reasons can be given: similarity of symptoms, partial characterization of virus species (mainly on molecular characteristics), relationships among many begomovirus species still unknown, apparently very limited geographical distribution for some species, occurrence of mixed infections, epidemiological situation still evolving (linked to B. tabaci populations, cultivated or wild host plants). The EPPO Secretariat has tried to gather some information on best characterized begomoviruses of solanaceous crops, acknowledging that for many of them data is lacking, in particular on economic importance. Many of these viruses were briefly mentioned in the data sheet on tomato mottle begomovirus in the 2nd edition of Quarantine Pests for Europe. They are here given individual treatment as entries in the EPPO Alert List.
Chino del tomate begomovirus
Why: Chino del tomate begomovirus came to our attention as causing an emerging disease of tomato and capsicum in the Americas.
Where: Symptoms of Chino del tomate have been observed in cultivated tomato fields in Sinaloa, Mexico, since the 1970s (Brown & Nelson, 1988). The virus was later found in other Mexican states: Chiapas, Morelos and Tamaulipas. Recently, it was also found in glasshouse tomatoes in Sonora (Idris et al., 1999). Its presence is also reported in Texas, USA (internet). Chino del tomate begomovirus is sometimes found in mixed infection with pepper huasteco and Texas pepper begomovirus.
Distribution: Mexico (Chiapas, Morelos, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tamaulipas), USA (Texas).
On which plants: Capsicum (Capsicum annuum) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum).The weed Malva parviflora (Malvaceae) is also mentioned as a natural host plant.
Damage: It was reported that in the west coast of Sinaloa, the disease could affect 100 % tomato plants in the field (Brown & Nelson, 1988). Symptoms are characterized by curling, rolling of leaves, thickening of veins, yellow mosaic, stunting, reduction of fruit set.
Transmission: Transmitted by Bemisia tabaci. Not transmitted by seed or by contact between plants.
Note: Tomato leaf crumple which was described in Sinaloa, Mexico, by Paplomatas et al. (1994) is now considered as a strain of Chino del tomate begomovirus (Torres-Pacheco et al., 1996).
Pathway: Infected tomato and capsicum plants, fruits?, viruliferous B. tabaci from countries where Chino del tomate begomovirus occurs.
Possible risks: Tomato and capsicum are important crops in the EPPO region, both indoor and outdoor. Disease significance appears to be rather high on tomato crops, symptoms are sometimes reported to be severe (no data for capsicum?). The vector is present in many parts of the EPPO region.
Source(s)
Brown, J.K.; Nelson, M.R. (1988) Transmission, host range and virus-vector relationships in chino del tomate virus, a whitefly-transmitted geminivirus from Sinaloa, Mexico. Plant Disease, 72(10), 866-869.
Idris, A.M.; Lee, S.H.; Brown, J.K. (1999) First report of Chino del tomate and pepper huasteco geminiviruses in greenhouse-grown tomato in Sonora, Mexico. Plant Disease, 83(4), p 396.
Paplomatas, E.J.; Patel, V.P.; Hou, Y.M.; Noueiry, A.O.; Gilbertson, R.L. (1994) Molecular characterization of a new sap-transmissible bipartite genome geminivirus infecting tomatoes in Mexico. Phytopathology, 84(10), 1215-1224.
Polston, J.E.; Anderson, P.K. (1997) The emergence of whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses in tomato in the Western Hemisphere. Plant Disease, 81(12), 1358-1369.
Torres-Pacheco, I.; Garzón-Tiznado, A.; Brown, J.K.; Bercerra-Flora, A.; Rivera-Bustamante, F.R. (1996) Detection and distribution of geminiviruses in Mexico and the Southern United States. Phytopathology, 86, 1186-1192.
INTERNET
GEMINI DETECTive Web site by Dr. Judith Brown, University of Arizona and Dr. Stephen D. Wyatt, Washington State University (US). http://ipmwww.ncsu.edu/nipmn/GEMINI/descriptions/CDTV.html (description and pictures)
EPPO RS 95/043, 98/044, 99/178, 2000/046
Panel review date - Entry date 2000-03
Pepper huasteco begomovirus
Why: Pepper huasteco begomovirus came to our attention as causing an emerging disease of capsicum and tomato in the Americas.
Where: Pepper huasteco begomovirus was first reported on capsicum (Garzón-Tiznado, 1993), in a region called Las Huastecas in northern Mexico (Tamaulipas state). It is reported to occur in Guanajuato, Quintana Roo, Sinaloa, and also in Rio Grande valley in Texas (USA) (Torres-Pacheco et al., 1996). Recently, it was also found in glasshouse tomatoes in Sonora (Idris et al., 1999). Pepper huasteco begomovirus is sometimes found in mixed infection with Chino del tomate and Texas pepper begomovirus.
Distribution: Mexico (Guanajuato, Quintana Roo, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tamaulipas), USA (Texas).
On which plants: Capsicum (Capsicum annuum), but also tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum).
Damage: According to Guevara-Gonzalez et al. (1999), pepper huasteco begomovirus is widely distributed in horticultural areas in Mexico and southern USA, and is probably the most important begomovirus affecting Mexican agriculture. Symptoms are characterized by chlorotic mottle, leaf rolling, leaf distortion.
Transmission: Transmitted by Bemisia tabaci.
Pathway: Infected tomato and capsicum plants, fruits?, viruliferous B. tabaci from countries where pepper huasteco begomovirus occurs.
Possible risks: Tomato and capsicum are important crops in the EPPO region, both indoor and outdoor. Among begomoviruses of tomato and capsicum, pepper huasteco begomovirus is reported as the most serious one in Mexico, but actual data on its severity and extent in the field is lacking. The vector is present in many parts of the EPPO region.
Source(s)
Garzón-Tiznado, J.A.; Torres-Pacheco, I.; Ascencio-Ibanez, J.T.; Herrera-Estrella, L.; Rivera-Bustamante, R.F. (1993) Inoculation of peppers with infectious clones of a new geminivirus by a biolistic procedure. Phytopathology, 83(5), 514-521.
Guevara-Gonzalez, R.G.; Ramos, P.L.; Rivera-Bustamante, R.F. (1999) Complementation of coat protein mutants of pepper huasteco geminivirus in transgenic tobacco plants. Phytopathology, 89, 540-545.
Idris, A.M.; Lee, S.H.; Brown, J.K. (1999) First report of Chino del tomate and pepper huasteco geminiviruses in greenhouse-grown tomato in Sonora, Mexico. Plant Disease, 83(4), p 396.
Torres-Pacheco, I.; Garzón-Tiznado, A.; Brown, J.K.; Bercerra-Flora, A.; Rivera-Bustamante, F.R. (1996) Detection and distribution of geminiviruses in Mexico and the Southern United States. Phytopathology, 86, 1186-1192.
EPPO RS 98/044, 99/178, 2000/046
Panel review date - Entry date 2000-03
Pepper mild tigre begomovirus
Why :Pepper mild tigre begomovirus came to our attention as causing an emerging disease of capsicum and tomato in the Americas. It was first described by Brown et al. (1989) on capsicum from Mexico.
Where: Mexico (Sinaloa, Tamaulipas), USA (Texas).
On which plants: Capsicum annuum (cvs Jalapeno and Serrano). Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum).
Damage: Capsicum: mild interveinal chlorosis, veinal distortion and mild stunting. Tomato: leaf curling, mild interveinal chlorosis and moderate stunting.
Transmission: Transmitted by Bemisia tabaci.
Pathway: Infected capsicum and tomato plants, fruits?, viruliferous B. tabaci from countries where pepper mild tigre begomovirus occurs.
Possible risks: Tomato and capsicum are important crops in the EPPO region, both indoor and outdoor. The vector is present in many parts of the EPPO region. Data is lacking on disease severity and extent. Very little data is available in the literature.
Source(s)
Brown, J.K.; Campodonico, O.P.; Nelson, M.R. (1989) A whitefly-transmitted geminivirus from peppers with tigre disease. Plant Disease, 73(7), p 610.
INTERNET
GEMINI DETECTive Web site by Dr. Judith Brown, University of Arizona and Dr. Stephen D. Wyatt, Washington State University (US). http://ipmwww.ncsu.edu/nipmn/GEMINI/descriptions/PMTV.html (description and pictures)
VIDE database. http://biology.anu.edu.au/Groups/MES/vide/descr600.htm (Pepper mild tigré bigeminivirus)
EPPO RS 2000/046
Panel review date - Entry date 2000-03
Potato yellow mosaic begomovirus
Why: Potato yellow mosaic begomovirus came to our attention as causing an emerging disease of potato and tomato in the Americas.
Where: Potato yellow mosaic was first described in Venezuela in 1986 on potatoes (Roberts et al., 1986). A very similar virus was found on tomato crops in Venezuela (Guzman et al., 1997). These findings were considered as strains or tomato-infecting isolates of potato yellow mosaic virus. Potato yellow mosaic begomovirus was found on tomato crops in the Caribbean: in Guadeloupe (1992), Martinique (1993), Puerto Rico (1994) (Polston et al., 1998), Trinidad and Tobago (Polston & Anderson, 1997).
Distribution: Guadeloupe, Martinique, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela
On which plants: Potato (Solanum tuberosum), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum).
Damage: On potato, it causes a bright yellow mosaic, leaf distortion and stunting. On tomato, it causes chlorotic mottling, leaf distortion, leaf rolling and stunting. Epidemic levels were reported on tomato crops from Guadeloupe and Martinique, as many tomato fields had more than 70 % plants showing symptoms. High incidence was also reported on tomato in Trinidad and Tobago. No indication is given on the significance of the disease on potato crops.
Transmission: Transmitted by Bemisia tabaci, and in particular epidemic levels in the Caribbean were associated with B. tabaci biotype B.
Note: It is not known whether tomato-infecting isolates can infect potato.
Pathway: Infected potato and tomato plants, potato tubers?, tomato fruits?, viruliferous B. tabaci from countries where potato yellow mosaic begomovirus occurs.
Possible risks: Potato and tomato are important crops in the EPPO region. The significance of the disease is unknown on potato, but appears to be rather high on tomato crops. The vector is present in many parts of the EPPO region.
Source(s)
Guzman, P.; Arredondo, C.R.; Emmatty, D.; Portillo, R.J.; Gilbertson, R.L. (1997) Partial characterization of two whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses infecting tomatoes in Venezuela. Plant Disease, 81(3), p 312.
Polston, J.E.; Anderson, P.K. (1997) The emergence of whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses in tomato in the Western Hemisphere. Plant Disease, 81(12), 1358-1369.
Polston, J.E.; Bois, D.; Ano, G.; Poliakoff, F.; Urbino, C. (1998) Occurrence of a strain of potato yellow mosaic geminivirus infecting tomato in the Eastern Caribbean. Plant Disease, 82(1), p 126.
Roberts, E.J.F.; Buck, K.W.; Coutts, R.H.A. (1986) A new geminivirus infecting potatoes in Venezuela. Plant Disease, 70(6), p 603.
EPPO RS 98/044, 2000/046
Panel review date - Entry date 2000-03
Serrano golden mosaic begomovirus
Why: Serrano golden mosaic begomovirus came to our attention as causing an emerging disease of capsicum and tomato in the Americas.
Where: Serrano golden mosaic begomovirus was first reported by Brown & Poulos (1990) in tomato and capsicum crops in Sinaloa (Mexico) and Arizona (USA). On internet, its presence is also reported in Sonora (Mexico) and Texas (USA).
Distribution: Mexico (Sinaloa, Sonora), USA (Arizona, Texas).
On which plants: Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), capsicum (Capsicum annuunm). In transmission experiments, the virus can cause symptoms to Capsicum frutescens.
Damage: Symptoms on tomato: golden foliar mosaic; on capsicum: yellow mosaic. Fruit deformation. It is reported that in 1989, the disease could affect 80-100 % of the plants in symptomatic fields in Sinoaloa, and that the virus was detected in numerous tomato and pepper samples.
Transmission: Transmitted by Bemisia tabaci.
Pathway: Infected tomato and capsicum plants, fruits?, viruliferous B. tabaci from countries where Serrano golden mosaic begomovirus occurs.
Possible risks: Tomato and capsicum are important crops in the EPPO region, both indoor and outdoor. Data on severity and extent of the disease is lacking, and very little data is available in the litterature on this virus. The vector is present in many parts of the EPPO region.
Source(s)
Brown, J.K.; Poulos, B.T. (1990) Serrano golden mosaic virus a newly identified whitefly-transmitted geminivirus of pepper and tomato in the United States and Mexico. Plant Disease, 74(9), p720.
Polston, J.E.; Anderson, P.K. (1997) The emergence of whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses in tomato in the Western Hemisphere. Plant Disease, 81(12), 1358-1369.
INTERNET
GEMINI DETECTive Web site by Dr. Judith Brown, University of Arizona and Dr. Stephen D. Wyatt, Washington State University (US). http://ipmwww.ncsu.edu/nipmn/GEMINI/descriptions/SGMV.html (description and pictures)
EPPO RS 98/044, 2000/046
Panel review date - Entry date 2000-03
Sinaloa tomato leaf curl begomovirus
Why: Sinaloa tomato leaf curl begomovirus came to our attention as causing an emerging disease of tomato and capsicum in the Americas.
Where: Sinaloa tomato leaf curl begomovirus was first observed in Sinaloa, Mexico, in tomato and capsicum crops in 1989 (Brown et al., 1993). It was then partially characterized by Idris & Brown (1998) and considered as a distinct virus. Recently, it was found in Costa Rica. Symptoms were observed, in October 1998, in tomato plantings near Turrialba, and Sinaloa tomato leaf curl begomovirus was detected in diseased tomato plants (Idris et al., 1999).
Distribution: Costa Rica, Mexico (Sinaloa)
On which plants: Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), capsicum (Capsicum annuum). Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) is reported as a natural host. Experimentally, the virus can cause symptomless infection in aubergine (Solanum melongena) which is an unusual feature among begomoviruses from the Americas. However, aubergine crops have not been surveyed and it is not known whether the virus can latently be present on them.
Damage: Tomato: foliar curling and chlorosis, unique purpling on the abaxial side of leaves, and shortened internodes. Capsicum: green-yellow foliar mosaic, shortened internodes and stunting. In Sinaloa, the disease is reported as widespread.
Transmission: Transmitted by Bemisia tabaci.
Pathway: Infected tomato, capsicum plants and possibly aubergines?, fruits?, viruliferous B. tabaci from countries where Sinaloa tomato leaf curl begomovirus occurs.
Possible risks: Tomato and capsicum are important crops in the EPPO region, both indoor and outdoor. The vector is present in many parts of the EPPO region. Data on disease significance in the field is lacking. It is also difficult to appreciate the potential risk presented by latent infections on aubergines.
Source(s)
Brown, J.K.; Idris, A.M.; Fletcher, D.C. (1993) Sinaloa tomato leaf curl virus, a newly described geminivirus of tomato and pepper in west coastal Mexico. Plant Disease, 77(12), p 1262.
Idris, A.M.; Brown, J.K. (1998) Sinaloa tomato leaf curl geminivirus: biological and molecular evidence for a new subgroup III virus. Phytopathology, 88(7), 648-657.
Polston, J.E.; Anderson, P.K. (1997) The emergence of whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses in tomato in the Western Hemisphere. Plant Disease, 81(12), 1358-1369.
Idris, A.M.; Rivas-Platero, G.; Torres-Jerez, I.; Brown, J.K. (1999) First report of Sinaloa tomato leaf curl geminivirus in Costa Rica. Plant disease, 83(3), p 303.
INTERNET
GEMINI DETECTive Web site by Dr. Judith Brown, University of Arizona and Dr. Stephen D. Wyatt, Washington State University (US). http://ipmwww.ncsu.edu/nipmn/GEMINI/descriptions/STLCV.html (description and pictures)
EPPO RS 98/044, 2000/046
Panel review date - Entry date 2000-03
Texas pepper begomovirus
Why: Texas pepper begomovirus came to our attention as causing an emerging disease of capsicum and tomato in the Americas.
Where: First described on capsicum in Texas (US) by Stenger et al. (1990). The virus is reported in Mexico (Coahuila, Sinaloa, Tamaulipas), Guatemala, USA (Arizona, Texas) (Polston & Anderson, 1997) and also in Costa Rica, Honduras, Tabasco state in Mexico (internet).
Distribution: Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico (Coahuila, Sinaloa, Tabasco, Tamaulipas), USA (Arizona, Texas). Mixed infections with Chino del tomate and pepper huasteco begomoviruses have been found.
On which plants: Capsicum (Capsicum annuum), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) is also reported as a natural host.
Damage: Symptoms on capsicum are leaf curling, malformation, vein clearing and stunting. Symptoms on tomato are leaf curling, mosaic and stunting. Polston & Anderson (1997) noted that the disease was first seen in Texas in 1987, but outbreaks lasted only for a few years. Nevertheless, the disease was still important in Tamaulipas (Mexico). Little data is available on the incidence of the virus in the field.
Transmission: Transmitted by Bemisia tabaci.
Note: The virus tentatively called pepper jalapeño, occurring on capsicum in Sinaloa and other states of Mexico is considered as a strain of Texas pepper begomovirus (Torres-Pacheco et al., 1996).
Pathway: Infected tomato and capsicum plants, fruits?, viruliferous B. tabaci from countries where Texas pepper begomovirus occurs.
Possible risks: Tomato and capsicum are important crops in the EPPO region, both indoor and outdoor. Data on disease incidence is lacking. The vector is present in many parts of the EPPO region.
Source(s)
Polston, J.E.; Anderson, P.K. (1997) The emergence of whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses in tomato in the Western Hemisphere. Plant Disease, 81(12), 1358-1369.
Stenger, D.C.; Duffus, J.E.; Villalon, B. (1990) Biological and genomic properties of a geminivirus isolated from pepper. Phytopathology, 80(8), 704-709.
Torres-Pacheco, I.; Garzón-Tiznado, A.; Brown, J.K.; Bercerra-Flora, A.; Rivera-Bustamante, F.R. (1996) Detection and distribution of geminiviruses in Mexico and the Southern United States. Phytopathology, 86, 1186-1192.
INTERNET
GEMINI DETECTive Web site by Dr. Judith Brown, University of Arizona and Dr. Stephen D. Wyatt, Washington State University (US). http://ipmwww.ncsu.edu/nipmn/GEMINI/descriptions/TPV.html (description and pictures)
EPPO RS 98/044, 2000/046
Panel review date - Entry date 2000-03
Tomato golden mosaic begomovirus
Why: Tomato golden mosaic begomovirus came to our attention as causing an emerging disease of tomato in the Americas. The disease was first reported in Brazil in 1975, and more recently in Costa Rica (Rosset et al., 1990).
Where: Brazil, Costa Rica.
On which plants: Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum).
Damage: Stunting and severely deformed young leaves and shoots, bright yellow mosaic. The disease was first reported in Brazil in 1975, but did not cause significant losses. However, since 1994, a sharp increase of symptoms has been observed on tomato in several areas occurring simultaneously with the appearance of the B biotype of Bemisia tabaci. Several begomoviruses were found including bean golden mosaic, tomato golden mosaic and tomato yellow vein streak begomoviruses. Damage caused by begomoviruses of tomato are reported to be severe in Brazil (Ribeiro et al., 1998; SBV Web site).
Transmission: Transmitted by Bemisia tabaci.
Note: It is not clear whether tomato yellow mosaic in Venezuela and tomato golden mosaic in Brazil are caused by distinct begomoviruses.
Pathway: Infected tomato plants, fruits?, viruliferous B. tabaci from countries where tomato golden mosaic begomovirus occurs.
Possible risks: Tomato is an important crop in the EPPO region, both indoor and outdoor, and insect vector is present in many parts of the EPPO region. Data is also lacking on the relationships of this virus with other begomoviruses of tomato present in Brazil, such as tomato golden mosaic, as well data on severity and extent of the disease in Brazil.
Source(s)
Polston, J.E.; Anderson, P.K. (1997) The emergence of whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses in tomato in the Western Hemisphere. Plant Disease, 81(12), 1358-1369.
Ribeiro, S.G.; de Avila, A.C.; Bezerra, I.C.; Fernandes, J.J.; Faria, J.C.; Lima, M.F.; Gilbertson, R.L.; Maciel-Zambolim, E.; Zerbini, F.M. (1998) Widespread occurrence of tomato geminiviruses in Brazil, associated with the new biotype of the whitefly vector. Plant Disease, 82(7), p 830.
Rosset, P.; Meneses, R.; Lastra, R.; gonzalez, W. (1990) Estimation of loss and identification of the geminivirus transmitted to tomato by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci Genn. (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in Costa Rica. Manejo Integrado de Plagas, no. 15, 24-35 (abstract).
INTERNET
GEMINI DETECTive Web site by Dr. Judith Brown, University of Arizona and Dr. Stephen D. Wyatt, Washington State University (US). http://ipmwww.ncsu.edu/nipmn/GEMINI/descriptions/TGMV.html (description and pictures)
ITCV Web site - Tomato golden mosaic virus. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ITCVdb/ICTVdB/29030038.htm (description)
Sociedade Brasileira de Virologia Web site
Informativo da SBV, Ano: XII Número: 30 Maio - Agosto de 1998. Opinião: Expansão de geminivirus no Brazil: um grave problem em várias culturas de importância econômica by Bezerra, I.; de Avila, C.; Resende, R.O. http://www.dbbm.fiocruz.br/sbv/inf.html
EPPO RS 98/044, 98/208, 2000/046
Panel review date - Entry date 2000-03
Tomato yellow mosaic begomovirus
Why: Tomato yellow mosaic begomovirus came to our attention as causing an emerging disease of tomato in the Americas. The disease was first reported in Venezuela in 1963 as a virus transmitted by Bemisia tabaci.
Where: Venezuela. The VIDE database mentions its presence in Brazil (as mosaico dourado do tomateiro which is also the disease name of tomato golden mosaic begomovirus in Brazil?)
On which plants: Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum). Natural infection has once been reported in potato (Solanum tuberosum) causing up to 70 % losses in potato cv. Sebago (Debrot & Centeno, 1985). Weeds like Lycopersicon esculentum var. cerasiforme and L. pimpinellifolium are reported as natural hosts.
Damage: Symptoms are a golden yellow mosaic and stunting. No fruit is produced if plants are infected early. It is reported that tomato yellow mosaic has caused millions of dollar losses in tomato commercial fields in Venezuela. By the time of flowering, 90-100 % of tomato plants could become infected by the virus (Piven et al., 1995)
Transmission: Transmitted by Bemisia tabaci.
Note: It is not clear whether tomato yellow mosaic in Venezuela and tomato golden mosaic in Brazil are caused by distinct begomoviruses. Relationships between tomato yellow mosaic and potato yellow mosaic begomoviruses are not known.
Pathway: Infected tomato plants, fruits?, viruliferous B. tabaci from countries where tomato yellow mosaic begomovirus occurs.
Possible risks: Tomato is an important crop in the EPPO region, both indoor and outdoor and the virus vector is present in many parts of the EPPO region. The disease is causing problems on tomato in Venezuela but the situation on potato is not clear. Data is also lacking on the relationships of this virus with other begomoviruses of tomato.
Source(s)
Debrot, E.A.; Centeno, F. (1985) Natural infection of potato in Venezuela by tomato yellow mosaic, a geminivirus transmitted by whiteflies. Agronomia Tropical, 35(-3), 125-138 (abstract).
Piven, N.M.; Uzcátegui, de R.C.; Infante, H.D. (1995) Resistance to tomato yellow mosaic virus in species of Lycopersicon. Plant Disease, 79(6), 590-594.
Polston, J.E.; Anderson, P.K. (1997) The emergence of whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses in tomato in the Western Hemisphere. Plant Disease, 81(12), 1358-1369.
Uzcátegui, de R.C.; Lastra, R. (1978) Transmission and physical properties of the causal agent of mosaico amarillo del tomate (tomato yellow mosaic). Phytopathology, 68(7) , 985-988.
INTERNET
VIDE database
http://biology.anu.edu.au/Groups/MES/vide/descr841.htm (Tomato yellow mosaic bigeminivirus)
http://biology.anu.edu.au:Groups/MES/vide/descr827.htm (Tomato golden mosaic bigeminivirus)
EPPO RS 98/044, 2000/046
Panel review date - Entry date 2000-03
Tomato yellow vein streak begomovirus
Why: Tomato yellow vein streak begomovirus came to our attention as causing an emerging disease of tomato in the Americas. It was described as a new begomovirus affecting tomato by Faria et al. (1997).
Where: Brazil (near Campinas, State of São Paulo).
On which plants: Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). Experimentally, Bemisia tabaci was able to transmit the virus from infected tomato plants to healthy tomato and potato plants, reproducing the original symptoms in tomato. On potato, the apical leaves showed yellow or green mottle which developed into leaf distortion with yellow blotches (apparently no natural infection have been found on potato).
Damage: Yellow streaking of veins on the apical shoots. Leaf symptoms developed into patches of yellow mosaic and the leaves became wavy. In the observed fields near Campinas, approximately 20 % of young tomato plants showed symptoms.
Transmission: Transmitted by Bemisia tabaci.
Pathway: Infected tomato plants, fruits?, viruliferous B. tabaci from countries where tomato yellow mosaic begomovirus occurs.
Possible risks: Tomato is an important crop in the EPPO region, both indoor and outdoor and the virus vector is present in many parts of the EPPO region. The disease appears so far, limited in Brazil but data is lacking its extent and severity. It is not known whether potato can be naturally infected.
Source(s)
Faria, J.C.; Souza, J.A.C.; Slack, S.A.; Maxwell, D.P.; (1997) A new geminivirus associated with tomato in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Plant Disease, 81(4), p 423.
Polston, J.E.; Anderson, P.K. (1997) The emergence of whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses in tomato in the Western Hemisphere. Plant Disease, 81(12), 1358-1369.
Sources
EPPO Secretariat, 2000-02.