Pathway analysis: aquatic plants imported in France
In order to better understand the importance of traded aquatic plants as a pathway for introducing invasive alien plants, import data provided by the French NPPO has been analyzed. During phytosanitary inspections carried out at the Charles de Gaulle international airport (Paris, France), all information provided on phytosanitary certificates is stored in a database. Useful information about imported aquatic plants can be extracted from this source. In 2006, a total of 369 consignments of aquatic plants were introduced from Singapore (283), Indonesia (45), Thailand (8), Morocco (30) and Guinea (3). These consignments arrive regularly and all year-round, with an average of 31 consignments per month. The table below displays the aquatic plant species which have been imported over one month (April 2006). In April 2006, there were 5 consignments from Indonesia (ID), 5 from Morocco (MA), 26 from Singapore (SG), 2 from Thailand (TH) and none from Guinea. Each of these consignments was composed of several plant species. For each species, their family, whether they are native or exotic in the EPPO region, their presence in the wild in the EPPO region and imported quantities in terms of numbers of plants are given. The status of each species in the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW) is given, to indicate their invasive behaviour elsewhere in the world.
|
Species
|
Family
|
Situation in Europe
|
Occurs in EPPO region
|
GCW
status* |
Country of origin
|
Total
|
|||
|
ID
|
MA
|
SG
|
TH
|
|
|||||
|
Acorus calamus
|
Acoraceae
|
Native
|
yes
|
EW
|
10
|
;
|
;
|
;
|
10
|
|
Acorus gramineus cv. "Variegatus", cv. "Pusillus"
|
Acoraceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
35
|
950
|
20
|
;
|
1005
|
|
Alternanthera reineckii cv "Cardinalis", cv. "Lilacina", cv. "Roseafolia"
|
Amaranthaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
15
|
;
|
230
|
65
|
310
|
|
Alternanthera ficoidea cv. "Bettzickiana", cv. "Ocipus"
|
Amaranthaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
GE
|
26
|
;
|
50
|
60
|
136
|
|
Alternanthera reineckii (also given as Ludwigia rosefolia?)
|
Amaranthaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
;
|
;
|
190
|
;
|
190
|
|
Alternanthera sessilis
|
Amaranthaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
QW, NW
|
14
|
;
|
;
|
50
|
64
|
|
Ammania gracilis
|
Lythraceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
;
|
;
|
;
|
60
|
60
|
|
Ammania senegalensis
|
Lythraceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
W
|
;
|
;
|
10
|
10
|
20
|
|
Anubias sp.
|
Araceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
26
|
;
|
;
|
10
|
36
|
|
Anubias hastifolia
|
Araceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
5
|
;
|
;
|
;
|
5
|
|
Anubias barteri var. nana
|
Araceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
5
|
;
|
55
|
10
|
70
|
|
Aponogeton crispus
|
Aponogetonaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
8
|
;
|
;
|
;
|
8
|
|
Aponogeton henkelianus
|
Aponogetonaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
;
|
;
|
10
|
;
|
10
|
|
Aponogeton natans
|
Aponogetonaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
W, QW
|
;
|
;
|
300
|
;
|
300
|
|
Aponogeton ulvaceus
|
Aponogetonaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
;
|
;
|
550
|
;
|
550
|
|
Aponogeton undulatus
|
Aponogetonaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
39
|
;
|
;
|
;
|
39
|
|
Aponogeton rigidifolius
|
Aponogetonaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
W, QW
|
5
|
;
|
;
|
;
|
5
|
|
Bacopa amplexicaulis
|
Plantaginaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
W
|
20
|
;
|
;
|
;
|
20
|
|
Bacopa caroliniana
|
Plantaginaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
W, QW
|
155
|
;
|
470
|
;
|
625
|
|
Bacopa crenata
|
Plantaginaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
W, QW
|
;
|
;
|
;
|
60
|
60
|
|
Bacopa monnieri
|
Plantaginaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
W
|
13
|
;
|
90
|
60
|
163
|
|
Bacopa myriophylloides
|
Plantaginaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
;
|
;
|
100
|
;
|
100
|
|
Bacopa rotundifolia
|
Plantaginaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
W
|
15
|
;
|
15
|
;
|
30
|
|
Baldellia ranunculoides (given as E. baldolia)
|
Alismataceae
|
Native
|
yes
|
/
|
;
|
425
|
;
|
;
|
425
|
|
Species
|
Family
|
Situation in Europe
|
Occurs in EPPO region
|
GCW
status* |
Country of origin
|
Total
|
|||
|
ID
|
MA
|
SG
|
TH
|
|
|||||
|
Blyxa aubertii
|
Hydrocharitaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
W
|
11
|
;
|
;
|
;
|
11
|
|
Blyxa japonica
|
Hydrocharitaceae
|
Exotic
|
yes
|
W, QW
|
2
|
50
|
5
|
;
|
57
|
|
Cabomba aquatica
|
Cabombaceae
|
Exotic
|
yes
|
QW
|
120
|
;
|
11335
|
4000
|
15455
|
|
Cabomba asiatica (= C. caroliniana ?)
|
Cabombaceae
|
Exotic
|
yes
|
/
|
5
|
;
|
10
|
;
|
15
|
|
Cabomba caroliniana (= C. pulcherrima)
|
Cabombaceae
|
Exotic
|
yes
|
W, QW, NW, EW
|
6320
|
;
|
2410
|
10
|
8740
|
|
C. furcata (= Cabomba piauhyensis)
|
Cabombaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
QW
|
690
|
;
|
180
|
;
|
870
|
|
Caladium sp.
|
Araceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
;
|
5
|
;
|
;
|
;
|
5
|
|
Cardamine lyrata
|
Brassicaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
W
|
60
|
;
|
20
|
;
|
80
|
|
Ceratophyllum demersum
|
Ceratophyllaceae
|
Native
|
yes
|
S, SW, QW, NW, NaW, EW
|
106
|
200
|
700
|
10
|
1016
|
|
Ceratopteris thalictroides
|
Parkeriaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
W, NW
|
25
|
;
|
;
|
;
|
25
|
|
Ceratopteris siliquosa
|
Parkeriaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
;
|
;
|
25
|
;
|
25
|
|
Cladophora aegagrophila
|
Cladophoraceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
;
|
;
|
100
|
;
|
100
|
|
Chlorophytum bichettii
|
Asparagaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
1007
|
;
|
;
|
25
|
1032
|
|
Codiaeum sp. (= Croton sp.)
|
Euphorbiaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
16
|
;
|
;
|
;
|
16
|
|
Codiaeum variegatum cv. "Exotica" (= Croton exotica)
|
Euphorbiaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
10
|
;
|
;
|
;
|
10
|
|
Cordyline fruticosa cv. "Red Edge", cv. "Compacta"
|
Asparagaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
W, CE
|
17
|
;
|
5
|
;
|
22
|
|
Crassula helmsii
|
Crassulaceae
|
Exotic
|
yes Inv.
|
W, NW, EW
|
17
|
;
|
;
|
;
|
17
|
|
Crinum thaianum
|
Amaryllidaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
;
|
;
|
115
|
;
|
115
|
|
Cryptocoryne ciliata
|
Araceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
W
|
4
|
;
|
10
|
;
|
14
|
|
Cryptocoryne crispatula var. balansae
|
Araceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
10
|
;
|
;
|
;
|
10
|
|
Cryptocoryne beckettii, C. beckettii cv. "Petchii"
|
Araceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
EW
|
44
|
;
|
100
|
;
|
144
|
|
Cryptocoryne lucens (= C. x-willisii)
|
Araceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
30
|
;
|
10
|
;
|
40
|
|
Cryptocoryne pontederiifolia (also given as Echinodorus pontederiifolia)
|
Araceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
39
|
;
|
480
|
;
|
519
|
|
Cryptocoryne walkeri
|
Araceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
;
|
;
|
30
|
;
|
30
|
|
Cryptocoryne wendtii
|
Araceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
-
|
80
|
;
|
45
|
;
|
125
|
|
Cryptocoryne x-willisii (= C. lucens)
|
Araceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
4
|
;
|
30
|
;
|
34
|
|
Cyperus helferi
|
Cyperaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
;
|
;
|
10
|
;
|
10
|
|
Cyperus papyrus
|
Cyperaceae
|
Native
|
yes
|
W, NW
|
;
|
70
|
;
|
;
|
70
|
|
Didiplis diandra (= Peplis diandra)
|
Lythraceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
;
|
;
|
15
|
60
|
75
|
|
Dieffenbachia picta
|
Araceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
6
|
;
|
;
|
;
|
6
|
|
Dracaena fragrans (= D. deremensis)
|
Dracaenaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
29
|
;
|
15
|
;
|
44
|
|
Species
|
Family
|
Situation in Europe
|
Occurs in EPPO region
|
GCW
status* |
Country of origin
|
Total
|
|||
|
ID
|
MA
|
SG
|
TH
|
|
|||||
|
Dracaena sanderiana, D. sanderiana cv. "Variegatus"
|
Dracaenaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
65
|
;
|
870
|
50
|
985
|
|
Echinodorus bleheri (= E. amazonicus)
|
Alismataceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
230
|
;
|
595
|
;
|
825
|
|
Echinodorus argentinensis
|
Alismataceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
22
|
;
|
20
|
10
|
52
|
|
Echinodorus x-barthii
|
Alismataceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
2
|
;
|
;
|
;
|
2
|
|
Echinodorus horizontalis (= E. muricatus = E. radicans horizontalis)
|
Alismataceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
56
|
;
|
5
|
;
|
61
|
|
Echinodorus grisebachii
|
Alismataceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
2
|
;
|
;
|
;
|
2
|
|
Echinodorus bleheri (= E. paniculatus auct. = E. parviflorus = E. panicultus bleheri = E. puriensis, also given as E. mitcheii)
|
Alismataceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
48
|
;
|
1670
|
60
|
1778
|
|
Echinodorus longiscapus (given as E. grandifolius)
|
Alismataceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
;
|
;
|
20
|
50
|
70
|
|
Echinodorus martii (= E. major)
|
Alismataceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
12
|
;
|
60
|
50
|
122
|
|
Echinodorus palaefolius var. latifolius
|
Alismataceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
22
|
;
|
10
|
;
|
32
|
|
Echinodorus radicans (= E. cordifolius)
|
Alismataceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
W, SW, QW, GE, EW
|
31
|
;
|
;
|
;
|
31
|
|
Echinodorus tenellus (= Sagittaria microfolia)
|
Alismataceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
45
|
;
|
30
|
;
|
75
|
|
Eichhornia crassipes (also given as Eleocharis crassipes)
|
Pontederiaceae
|
Exotic
|
yes Inv.
|
W, QW, NW, GE, EW, CE
|
1
|
650
|
875
|
;
|
1526
|
|
Egeria densa (= Elodea densa)
|
Hydrocharitaceae
|
Exotic
|
yes Inv.
|
W, QW, NW, GE, EW
|
2548
|
;
|
20610
|
210
|
23368
|
|
Egeria najas (= Elodea najas)
|
Hydrocharitaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
;
|
;
|
55
|
50
|
105
|
|
Eleocharis parvula
|
Cyperaceae
|
Native
|
yes
|
W
|
;
|
;
|
5
|
;
|
5
|
|
Eleocharis vivipara
|
Cyperaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
2
|
;
|
;
|
;
|
2
|
|
Fittonia ;verschaeffelti var. argyroneura
|
Acanthaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
5
|
;
|
;
|
;
|
5
|
|
Glossostigma elatinoides
|
Phrymaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
;
|
;
|
35
|
;
|
35
|
|
Gymnocoronis spilanthoides
|
Asteraceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
W, QW, NW, GE, EW
|
11
|
;
|
125
|
;
|
136
|
|
Hemigraphis alternata, H. alternata cv. "Exotica" (= H. colorata = H. exotica)
|
Acanthaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
2
|
;
|
;
|
;
|
2
|
|
Hemigraphis repanda
|
Acanthaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
W
|
;
|
;
|
;
|
50
|
50
|
|
Heteranthera zosterifolia
|
Pontederiaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
;
|
;
|
;
|
50
|
50
|
|
Hottonia sp.
|
Primulaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
11
|
;
|
;
|
;
|
11
|
|
Hydrocleys nymphaeoides
|
Limnocharitaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
W, QW, EW
|
;
|
80
|
70
|
;
|
150
|
|
Hydrocotyle leucocephala
|
Apiaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
W
|
70
|
;
|
200
|
50
|
320
|
|
Species
|
Family
|
Situation in Europe
|
Occurs in EPPO region
|
GCW
status* |
Country of origin
|
Total
|
|||
|
ID
|
MA
|
SG
|
TH
|
|
|||||
|
Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides
|
Apiaceae
|
Exotic
|
yes
|
W
|
;
|
;
|
;
|
50
|
50
|
|
Hydrotriche hottoniiflora
|
Scrophulariaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
;
|
;
|
10
|
;
|
10
|
|
Hygrophila sp.
|
Acanthaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
307
|
;
|
;
|
;
|
307
|
|
Hygrophila corymbosa cv. "Siamensis"
|
Acanthaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
W
|
150
|
;
|
665
|
60
|
875
|
|
Hygrophila costata (= H. lacustris)
|
Acanthaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
NW
|
9
|
;
|
250
|
;
|
259
|
|
Hygrophila difformis (= Synnema triflorum)
|
Acanthaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
W, SW, EW
|
1488
|
;
|
1330
|
110
|
2928
|
|
Hygrophila polysperma, H. polysperma cv. "Rosanervis"
|
Acanthaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
W, NW, QW, EW
|
884
|
;
|
1120
|
120
|
2124
|
|
Hygrophila pusilla (given as Nomaphila pusillus)
|
Acanthaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
;
|
;
|
5
|
50
|
55
|
|
Hygrophila salicifolia, H. salicifolia var. angustifolia (= Nomaphila angustifolia)
|
Acanthaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
W
|
39
|
;
|
500
|
60
|
;
|
|
Hygrophila siamensis (= Nomaphila siamensis)
|
Acanthaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
662
|
;
|
5
|
;
|
667
|
|
Hygrohpila stricta (= Nomaphila stricta)
|
Acanthaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
-
|
39
|
;
|
25
|
100
|
164
|
|
Iris japonica
|
Iridaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
;
|
60
|
;
|
;
|
60
|
|
Iris pseudacorus
|
Iridaceae
|
Native
|
yes
|
W, QW, NW, GE, EW
|
;
|
;
|
10
|
;
|
10
|
|
Lagarosiphon major (= Elodea crispa)
|
Hydrocharitaceae
|
Exotic
|
yes Inv.
|
W, QW, NW, GE, EW
|
28
|
450
|
10
|
;
|
488
|
|
Limnophila sp.
|
Plantaginaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
;
|
200
|
;
|
;
|
200
|
|
Limnophila aquatica
|
Plantaginaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
28
|
;
|
55
|
;
|
83
|
|
Limnophila aromatica (= L. hippuroides)
|
Plantaginaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
W
|
105
|
;
|
90
|
10
|
205
|
|
Limnophila heterophylla
|
Plantaginaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
W, QW
|
;
|
;
|
;
|
60
|
60
|
|
Limnophila sessiliflora
|
Plantaginaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
W, QW, NW
|
203
|
;
|
685
|
;
|
888
|
|
Lindernia rotundifolia
|
Linderniaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
-
|
29
|
;
|
15
|
;
|
44
|
|
Lobelia cardinalis
|
Campanulaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
W, QW
|
35
|
;
|
130
|
;
|
165
|
|
Ludwigia arcuata
|
Oenotheraceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
21
|
;
|
;
|
70
|
91
|
|
Ludwigia inclinata
|
Oenotheraceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
;
|
;
|
20
|
60
|
80
|
|
Ludwigia natans x palustris
|
Oenotheraceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
;
|
;
|
420
|
;
|
420
|
|
Ludwigia natans (= L. repens)
|
Oenotheraceae
|
Exotic
|
yes
|
QW
|
100
|
;
|
375
|
50
|
525
|
|
Ludwigia palustris
|
Oenotheraceae
|
Native
|
no
|
W, GE, EW
|
20
|
;
|
155
|
;
|
175
|
|
Ludwigia peruensis (= L. peruviana = L. grandiflora)
|
Oenotheraceae
|
Exotic
|
yes Inv.
|
W, QW, NW, GE, EW
|
100
|
;
|
170
|
;
|
270
|
|
Lysimachia nummularia
|
Primulaceae
|
Native
|
yes
|
W, EW, CE
|
7
|
;
|
65
|
10
|
82
|
|
Marsilea crenata
|
Marsileaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
W
|
1
|
;
|
;
|
;
|
1
|
|
Mayaca fluviatilis
|
Mayacaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
QW
|
131
|
;
|
525
|
;
|
656
|
|
Species
|
Family
|
Situation in Europe
|
Occurs in EPPO region
|
GCW
status* |
Country of origin
|
Total
|
|||
|
ID
|
MA
|
SG
|
TH
|
|
|||||
|
Mayaca sellowiana (= Rotala najean)
|
Mayacaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
115
|
;
|
60
|
;
|
175
|
|
Micranthemum orbiculatum
|
Plantaginaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
1
|
;
|
;
|
;
|
1
|
|
Micranthemum umbrosum
|
Plantaginaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
QW
|
;
|
;
|
;
|
10
|
10
|
|
Microcarpaea minima
|
Plantaginaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
W
|
;
|
;
|
10
|
;
|
10
|
|
Microsorium pteropus
|
Polypodiaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
26
|
;
|
1658
|
70
|
1754
|
|
Myriophyllum aquaticum (=M. proserpinacoides)
|
Haloragaceae
|
Exotic
|
yes Inv.
|
W, QW, NW, EW, GE, CE
|
28
|
;
|
;
|
;
|
28
|
|
Myriophyllum matogrossense
|
Haloragaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
313
|
;
|
415
|
;
|
728
|
|
Myriophyllum pinnatum (= M. scabratum)
|
Haloragaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
13
|
;
|
560
|
;
|
573
|
|
Myriophyllum propinquum
|
Haloragaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
;
|
;
|
20
|
;
|
20
|
|
Nelumbo nucifera cv. "Baiwanlian" (given as N. Lu Shan Bai Lian)
|
Nelumbonaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
W
|
;
|
;
|
4
|
;
|
4
|
|
Nesaea sp.
|
Lythraceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
5
|
;
|
30
|
;
|
35
|
|
Nuphar sagittifolia
|
Nymphaeaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
5
|
;
|
;
|
;
|
5
|
|
Nuphar japonica
|
Nymphaeaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
W
|
;
|
;
|
200
|
;
|
200
|
|
Nymphaea sp.
|
Nymphaeaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
W, CE
|
;
|
1210
|
;
|
35
|
1245
|
|
Nymphaea alba (= N. venusta)
|
Nymphaeaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
;
|
;
|
17
|
;
|
17
|
|
Nymphaea lotus
|
Nymphaeaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
W, NW
|
15
|
;
|
1100
|
;
|
1115
|
|
Nymphaea nouchali (= N. stellata)
|
Nymphaeaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
W, QW
|
;
|
;
|
300
|
;
|
300
|
|
Nymphaea pubescens (= N. rubra)
|
Nymphaeaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
W
|
53
|
;
|
;
|
;
|
53
|
|
Ophiopogon sp.
|
Asparagaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
;
|
100
|
120
|
;
|
220
|
|
Ophiopogon jaburan cv. "Variegatus"
|
Asparagaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
-
|
75
|
;
|
;
|
;
|
75
|
|
Ophiopogon japonicus
|
Asparagaceae
|
Exotic
|
yes
|
W
|
56
|
;
|
605
|
100
|
761
|
|
Pistia stratiotes
|
Araceae
|
Exotic
|
yes
|
W, QW, NW, Nat W, GE, EW, CE
|
2
|
2600
|
5
|
;
|
2607
|
|
Polygonum pedunculare
|
Polygonaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
50
|
;
|
;
|
;
|
50
|
|
Pontederia cordata
|
Pontederiaceae
|
Exotic
|
yes
|
W, QW, NW, EW, GE
|
;
|
80
|
20
|
;
|
100
|
|
Pontederia lanceolata
|
Pontederiaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
W
|
;
|
;
|
10
|
;
|
10
|
|
Potamogeton gayii
|
Potamogetonaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
W, QW
|
20
|
;
|
;
|
;
|
20
|
|
Potamogeton octandrus (= P. javanicus)
|
Potamogetonaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
5
|
;
|
;
|
;
|
5
|
|
Potamogeton perfoliatus
|
Potamogetonaceae
|
Native
|
yes
|
W, QW, EW
|
;
|
;
|
10
|
;
|
10
|
|
Pogostemon stellatus (= Eusteralis stellata)
|
Lamiaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
W
|
17
|
;
|
;
|
;
|
17
|
|
Rhizophora apiculata (given as R. raviculata)
|
Rhizophoraceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
6
|
;
|
;
|
;
|
6
|
|
Riccia flutans
|
Ricciaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
1
|
;
|
;
|
;
|
1
|
|
Species
|
Family
|
Situation in Europe
|
Occurs in EPPO region
|
GCW
status* |
Country of origin
|
Total
|
|||
|
ID
|
MA
|
SG
|
TH
|
|
|||||
|
Rotala indica
|
Lythraceae
|
Exotic
|
yes
|
W, QW
|
162
|
;
|
180
|
10
|
352
|
|
Rotala macrandra
|
Lythraceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
159
|
;
|
165
|
;
|
324
|
|
Rotala rotundifolia
|
Lythraceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
W, SW, QW, EW
|
;
|
;
|
20+60
|
;
|
0
|
|
Rotala wallichii
|
Lythraceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
10
|
;
|
85
|
35
|
130
|
|
Sagittaria lancifolia (= S. platyphylla hort.)
|
Alismataceae
|
Exotic
|
yes?
|
W, NW, QW, EW
|
114
|
;
|
840
|
10
|
964
|
|
Sagittaria subulata (= S. natans)
|
Alismataceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
W, QW, EW
|
117
|
;
|
290
|
10
|
417
|
|
Salvinia natans (other species such as S. molesta could be traded under this name)
|
Salviniaceae
|
Native
|
yes
|
W, QW, NW
|
;
|
;
|
70
|
;
|
70
|
|
Samolus valerandii (given as S. elantoides)
|
Theophrastaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
W, GE, EW
|
1
|
;
|
;
|
;
|
1
|
|
Saururus cernuus
|
Saururaceae
|
Exotic
|
yes
|
W, QW
|
6
|
;
|
;
|
;
|
6
|
|
Selaginella willdenowii
|
Selaginellaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
W, GE
|
55
|
;
|
1185
|
;
|
1240
|
|
Spathiphyllum sp.
|
Araceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
W
|
;
|
;
|
50
|
;
|
50
|
|
Spathiphyllum wallisii
|
Araceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
21
|
;
|
20
|
;
|
41
|
|
Syngonium podophyllum cv. "Albolineatum"
|
Araceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
/
|
1
|
;
|
;
|
;
|
1
|
|
Syngonium podophyllum
|
Araceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
W, GE, EW, Cult E
|
51
|
;
|
160
|
;
|
211
|
|
Trapa natans
|
Trapaceae
|
Native
|
yes
|
W, QW, NW, EW
|
;
|
;
|
1060
|
;
|
1060
|
|
Vallisneria americana, V. americana cv. "Rubra" (= V. asiatica = V. gigantea hort. = V. rubra)
|
Hydrocharitaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
W, QW, Nat W, EW
|
526
|
50
|
4120
|
10
|
4706
|
|
Vallisneria spiralis cv. "Torta"
|
Hydrocharitaceae
|
Native
|
yes
|
W, EW
|
156
|
750
|
2940
|
10
|
3856
|
|
Vesicularia dubyana
|
Hypnaceae
|
Exotic
|
no
|
W, QW
|
46
|
;
|
2
|
20
|
68
|
|
Total
|
;
|
;
|
;
|
;
|
18850
|
7925
|
65941
|
6250
|
98966
|
* Abbreviations for the Global Compendium of Weeds column:
W: weed;; NW: noxious weed; NatW: native weed; QW: quarantine weed; GE: garden escape; Cult E: Cultivation Escape; /: not quoted in the GCW; "-": no sign of invasiveness
Taxonomy
On phytosanitary certificates, botanical names were often mispelt or erroneous (e.g. species mentioned did not exist or did not correspond to the true imported species). For instance, Cabomba asiatica is quoted but does not exist in any flora. The genus Cabomba is endemic from the New World, only C. caroliniana is recorded as present in Asia. It is therefore hypothezised that C. asiatica is a wrong appellation for C. caroliniana (JM Tison, pers. comm.). Salvinia molesta and some other Salvinia spp. were not recorded in the list of imported plants but it is likely that they have been introduced under the name Salvinia natans. Ludwigia rosefolia is mentioned as imported from Singapore, but this may have been a confusion with Alternanthera reineckii cv "Roseafolia". It is also hypothesised that the plant given as Nelumbo Lu Shan Bai Lian may be Nelumbo nucifera cv. "Baiwanlian".
Species already present in the wild in the EPPO region
Among the imported species which are present in the wild in the EPPO region, some are already invasive: Cabomba caroliniana (EPPO list of Invasive Alien Plants), Crassula helmsii (EPPO list of IAP), Egeria densa (EPPO list of IAP), Eichhornia crassipes, Lagarosiphon major (EPPO list of IAP), Myriophyllum aquaticum (EPPO list of IAP). Others might become invasive in the future and these species deserve further investigation:Pistia stratiotes, Pontederia cordata, Saururus cernuus, Salvinia molesta.
Species not present in the wild in the EPPO region
Among imported species which are not recorded in the wild in the EPPO region, the following ones would deserve investigation as they are recorded as invasive elsewhere in the world according to the Global Compendium of Weeds: Echinodorus cordifolius, Gymnocoronis spilanthoides, Hygrophila difformis, Hygrophila polysperma, Limnophila sessiliflora, Rotala rotundifolia, Sagittaria lancifolia, Syngonium podophyllum, Vallisneria americana.
Further questions
Eleocharis parvula, indigenous in Europe and in North America, is recorded as imported from Singapore. This plant is rare and is becoming extinct in Europe. In France, it was declared extinct during the last 20 years but has recently been rediscovered in the wild. This raises the question of the origin of this species found in the wild, and there might be a genetic pollution of the species with the traded taxon (JM Tison, pers. comm.). The species not being indigenous in Asia, it would be interesting to know the origin of the plant which was used to initiate the production (coming from Europe or from North America) and how it was multiplied.
Any additional information about imports of aquatic plants collected by inspection services or any other body is welcome and can be sent to the EPPO Secretariat.
Sources
List of species gathered thanks to Franck Gueudre from the Charles De Gaulle airport inspection services and compiled by the EPPO Secretariat and Jean-Marc Tison.
A Global Compendium of Weeds. http://www.hear.org/gcw/alpha_select_gcw.htm